What are the effects of nitrate on health and the environment?

High nitrate concentrations may create an imbalance in a natural surface water system, causing excessive growth of algae and other vegetation. In shallow areas an overabundance of algae blocks the light needed by underwater vegetation. Algae take up dissolved oxygen as they die and decompose. The resulting lack of oxygen affects fish, shellfish, and aquatic invertebrates.

High nitrate levels can create health concerns, too. Concentrations that exceed the federal drinking water standard (10 milligrams of Nitrate as Nitrogen per liter of water) can result in methemoglobinemia, or "blue baby" syndrome.

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1. What is nitrate?
2. What are the effects of nitrate on health and the environment?
3. Where do nitrates come from?
4. Are Nitrates a problem in the District?
5. How is the problem being addressed?